I've been dealing with this a long time.
Here's the thing. You can also find a small bit of terrain and put it between you and the enemy sniper doing the same thing. You need to find that sweet zone where you don't hit the terrain yourself, but are barely peaking over the terrain so your shots do not hit it. You know you are just as protected by the glitch when you hear shots hitting around you, but you take no damage. This can be the start of some fun sniper games, as it comes down to steely nerves. Usually the first person to adjust gets nailed, and you want to be ready for him to adjust a little bit to see if he can shoot you. This typically is a huge opening where he is exposed and you can nail him. Especially since being on terrain can mess you up huge and have you unintentionally standing. Better him than you, so be careful.
Now! You'll be free to take a shot... BUT WAIT!
Which sniper rifle are you using? If you are counter sniping, then hands down, use the charge sniper rifle. You also will want as many of the best damage mods you can load up. This way- you can easily one shot a glitcher, and not have to worry about shooting him twice because that is a lot harder. After shrugging off that shot, he can then just hide, repair, and resume an adjusted glitch spot. So you would be back at square 1. When using a charged sniper rifle, a half charge shot will do half damage. A full charge will do full damage. So you may have a chance to get good enough to do a follow up half charged shot and take someone out. Always try! Also, you can charge while in ADS and crouched behind cover, and then ease out slowly already scoped and fully charged.
So back to taking that shot... if you shoot a sniper and see the glitch. Do not fire again. Move. Firing again will just show him where you are at and probably deliver the same glitch. You want to one shot him. That is the goal, so it has to be a head shot. Remember how I said you needed to peek barely over the sweet zone so your bullet flies as opposed to hitting the terrain in front of you? Well, he's doing the same thing. You need to learn to ignore the chevron and your dot turning red. You have to learn to approximate where that small sliver of his head is exposed and nail it. It's possible that you are at an angle that would make it very difficult to find that achilles heel. That's why it's best to move like a ninja staying behind cover and try again.
A small word on profile dampeners. I use enhanced dampeners. I would use complex were I skilled up enough. Using weird bits of cover, and this is sans glitching mind you as well as at times CQC, you can peek barely around corners, take a shot, and move. No one seems to know where I am, and even if someone hunts me down I lose them every time.
Also, there are some really good snipers out there. I get countersniped all the time. It usually comes down to who kills each other the most between two snipers battling it out. It can be pretty fun, and I've had some friendly back and forth mails with players after some epic glitch grudge matches