Blaster are a plasma weapon like the shotgun and assault rifle.
Autocannon fire bullets/shells like the smg and hmg.
Blasters are the highest damage per second but the shortest range.
Blasters cause heat and kinetic damage, autocannon can cause any type with some always explosive. (dust seems to use eve damage types, but hides them and dosen't let us choose ammo type)

EvE artillery is the slowest rate of fire but the highest damage per hit of turrets. In EvE a slow firing long range projectile gun is artillery. The range and damage over time is close to railguns. It could be similar to mass driver(light weapon artillery) and/or howitzer/mortar like. I would guess the aa weapons would be autocannon before artillery. Calling in indirect fire from artillery hav across map would be cool.

Lasers have two types in EvE. Short range pulse, and long range beam.
The pulse are longer range and lower damage/sec than autocannon and blaster.
The beam are shorter range and higher damage/sec than artillery and rails.
They were infinite ammo in eve, but drained cap(power reserve bar, also used by armour reps & shield boosters) faster then other weapons. This made them hard to use on non-amarr ships, it could be done just not easily.